Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 64, Issue 7 , Pages 1086-1092 , July 2006

The 3-Dimensional Construction of the Average 11-Year-Old Child Face: A Clinical Evaluation and Application

  • Chung How Kau, MScD, FAMS

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Lecturer and Orthodontist, Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University of Wales, College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Kau: Department of Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University of Wales, College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, Wales, UK
    • ,
  • Alexei Zhurov, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Senior Research Fellow, Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University of Wales, College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
    • ,
  • Stephen Richmond, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor and Head of Department, Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University of Wales, College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
    • ,
  • Richard Bibb, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Director of Research and Graduate Studies, Head of Medical Applications Department-Product Development Research, University of Wales, Institute Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales, UK
    • ,
  • Adrian Sugar, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Consultant, Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, The Welsh Centre for Burns, Plastic Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, Wales, UK
    • ,
  • Jeremy Knox, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Consultant, Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University of Wales, College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
    • ,
  • Frank Hartles, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Head of Unit, Dental Health and Biological Sciences, University of Wales, College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK

References 

  1. Farkas L . Anthropometry of the Head and Face . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1994;
  2. Ayoub AF , Siebert P , Moos KF , et al.   A vision-based three-dimensional capture system for maxillofacial assessment and surgical planning . Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1998;36:353
  3. Moss JP , Linney AD , Lowey MN . The use of three-dimensional techniques in facial esthetics . Semin Orthod . 1995;1:94
  4. Broadbent BHS , Broadbent BHJ , Golden WH . Bolton Standards of Dentofacial Developmental Growth. . St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1975;
  5. Riolo ML , Moyers RE , McNamara JA , et al.   An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth . Vol 2. Ann Arbor, MI: Needham Press; 1979;
  6. Jacobson A . The proportionate template as a diagnostic aid . Am J Orthod . 1979;75:156
  7. Holdaway RA . A soft tissue cephalometric analysis and it use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part 1 . Am J Orthod . 1983;84:1
  8. Arnett GW , Bergman RT . Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Part 1 . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1993;103:299
  9. Kau CH , Zhurov AI , Knox J, et al . The validity and reliability of a portable 3-dimensional laser scanner for field studies . In:  Giuliani R ,  Galliani E editor. 7th European Craniofacial Congress . Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi Editore International Proceedings Division; 2004;p. 41–45
  10. Kau CH , Zhurov AI , Scheer R , et al.   The feasibility of measuring three-dimensional facial morphology in children . Orthod Craniofac Res . 2004;7:198
  11. Chiu CS , Clark RK . Reproducibility of natural head position . J Dent . 1991;19:130
  12. Kau CH , Hartles FR , Knox J , et al.   Natural head posture for measuring three-dimensional soft tissue morphology . In:  Middleton J ,  Shrive MG ,  Jones ML editor. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering – 5 . Cardiff, UK: FIRST Numerics Ltd; 2005;
  13. Kau CH , Richmond S , Zhurov AI , et al.   Reliability of measuring facial morphology using a 3-dimensional laser scanning system . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2005;128:424
  14. Hutton TJ , Buxton BF , Hammond P . Dense surface point distribution models of the human face . In: IEEE Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis. . 2001;p. 153–160 Kauai, Hawaii
  15. Hammond P , Hutton TJ , Allanson JE , et al.   3D analysis of facial morphology . Am J Med Genet A . 2004;126:339
  16. Ismail SF , Moss JP . The three-dimensional effects of orthodontic treatment on the facial soft tissues—A preliminary study . Br Dent J . 2002;192:104
  17. Nute SJ , Moss JP . Three-dimensional facial growth studied by optical surface scanning . J Orthod . 2000;27:31

PII: S0278-2391(06)00375-2

doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.03.013

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 64, Issue 7 , Pages 1086-1092 , July 2006

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