Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 65, Issue 11 , Pages 2164-2168 , November 2007

Horizontal Angular Asymmetry of the Face in Korean Young Adults With Reference to the Eye and Mouth

  • Wu-Chul Song, MD

      Affiliations

    • Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
    • ,
  • Ki-Seok Koh, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
    • ,
  • Sang-Hyun Kim, BS

      Affiliations

    • Assistant, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
    • ,
  • Kyung-Seok Hu, DDS

      Affiliations

    • Assistant Professor, Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
    • ,
  • Hee-Jin Kim, DDS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Associate Professor, Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
    • ,
  • Jung-Cheol Park, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Assistant, Department of Anatomy, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
    • ,
  • Byoung-Young Choi, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Choi: Department of Anatomy, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 162 Ilsan-dong, Wonju, 220-701, Korea

References 

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  2. Farkas LG, Cheung G. Facial asymmetry in healthy North American Caucasians (An anthropometrical study). Angle Orthod. 1981;51:70
  3. Shah SM, Joshi MR. An assessment of asymmetry in the normal craniofacial complex. Angle Orthod. 1978;48:141
  4. Woo TL. On the asymmetry of the human skull. Biometrika. 1931;22:324
  5. Baudouin JY, Tiberghien G. Symmetry, averageness, and feature size in the facial attractiveness of women. Acta Psychol. 2004;117:313
  6. Grammer K, Thornhill R. Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness. J Comp Psychol. 1994;108:233
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  8. Haraguchi S, Takada K, Yasuda Y. Facial asymmetry in subjects with skeletal class III deformity. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:28
  9. Namamo S, Behrend DA, Harcourt JK, et al. Angular asymmetries of the human face. Int J Prosthodont. 2000;13:41
  10. Vig PS, Hewitt AB. Asymmetry of the human facial skeleton. Angle Orthod. 1975;45:125
  11. Chaurasia BD, Goswami HK. Functional asymmetry in the face. Acta Anat. 1975;91:154
  12. Rossi M, Ribeiro E, Smith R. Craniofacial asymmetry in development: An anatomical study. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:381
  13. Farkas LG. Anthropometry of the Head and Face. In: ed 2. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1994;p. 103–111
  14. Samman N, Tong AC, Cheung DL, et al. Analysis of 300 dentofacial deformities in Hong Kong. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1992;7:181
  15. Severt TR, Proffit WR. The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1997;12:171
  16. Giovanoli P, Tzou CHJ, Ploner M, et al. Three-dimensional video-analysis of facial movements in health volunteers. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56:644
  17. Carels CE. Facial growth: Men and women differ. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 1998;105:423
  18. Chebib FS, Chamma AM. Indices of craniofacial asymmetry. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:214
  19. Williamson EH, Simmons MD. Mandibular asymmetry and its relation to pain dysfunction. Am J Orthod. 1979;76:612
  20. Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, et al. Distance from symmetry: A three-dimensional evaluation of facial asymmetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994;52:1126
  21. Oliver G. Practical Anthropology. In: Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1969;p. 43–49
  22. Johanson D, Shreeve J. Lucy’s Child (The Discovery of a Human Ancestor). London: Viking; 1990;
  23. Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces. Angle Orthod. 1991;61:43
  24. Lu KH. Harmonic analysis of the human face. Biometrics. 1965;21:491

 Supported in part by Yonsei University Research Fund of 2005.

PII: S0278-2391(06)02108-2

doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.11.018

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 65, Issue 11 , Pages 2164-2168 , November 2007

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