Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 65, Issue 7 , Pages 1346-1353 , July 2007

Styloid-Stylohyoid Syndrome: Literature Review and Case Report

  • Felipe Ladeira Pereira, DDS

      Affiliations

    • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Private Practice, São Paulo, Brazil.
    • ,
  • Liogi Iwaki Filho, DDS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
    • ,
  • Angelo José Pavan, DDS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
    • ,
  • Gustavo Jacobucci Farah, DDS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CESUMAR Denistry School, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
    • ,
  • Evelyn Almeida Lucas Gonçalves, DDS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
    • ,
  • Vanessa Cristina Veltrini, DDS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Oral Pathology, Diagnosis, and Radiology, CESUMAR Dentistry School Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
    • ,
  • Edevaldo Tadeu Camarini, DDS, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Camarini: Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Curitiba, 486 Sala 701, CEP 87013-380, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

References 

  1. Camarda AJ, Deschamps C, Forest D. Stylohyoid chain ossification: A discussion of etiology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;67:508
  2. Eagle WW. Elongated styloid processes: Report of two cases. Arch Otolaryngol. 1937;25:584
  3. Gossman JR, Tarsitano JJ. The styloid-stylohyoid syndrome. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:555
  4. Langland OE, Langlais RP, Morris CR. In: Principles and Practice of Panoramic Radiology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1982;p. 362
  5. Steinmann EP. Styloid syndrome in absence of an elongated process. Acta Otolaryngol. 1968;66:347
  6. Strauss M, Zohar Y, Laurian N. Elongated styloid process syndrome: Intraoral versus extraoral approach for styloid surgery. Laryngoscope. 1985;95:976
  7. Moffat DA, Ramsden RT, Shaw HJ. The styloid syndrome: Aetiological factors and surgical management. J Laryngol Otol. 1977;91:279
  8. Härmä R. Stylalgia: Clinical experiences of 52 cases. Acta Otolaryngol. 1967;224(suppl):149
  9. Palesy P, Murray GM, Boever J, et al. The involvement of the styloid process in head and neck pain—A preliminary study. J Oral Rehabil. 2000;27:275
  10. Miller DB. Eagle’s syndrome and the trauma patient. Funct Orthod. 1997;14:30
  11. Steinmann EP. A new light on the pathogenesis of the styloid syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;91:171
  12. Diamond LS, Cottrell DA, Hunter MJ, et al. Eagle’s syndrome: A report of 4 patients treated using a modified extraoral approach. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;59:1420
  13. Prasad KC, Kamath MP, Reddy KJM, et al. Elongated styloid process (Eagle’s syndrome): A clinical study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:171
  14. Sivers JE, Johnson GK. Diagnosis of Eagle’s syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;59:575
  15. Aral IL, Karaca I, Güngör N. Eagle’s syndrome masquerading as pain of dental origin (Case report). Aust Dent J. 1997;42:18
  16. Breault MR. Eagle’s syndrome: Review of the literature and implications in craniomandibular disorders. Cranio. 1986;4:324
  17. Correl RW, Jensen JL, Taylor JB, et al. Mineralization of the styloid-stylomandibular ligament complex. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1979;48:286
  18. Frommer J. Anatomic variations in the stylohyoid chain and their possible clinical significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;38:659
  19. Fini G, Gasparini G, Filippini F, et al. The long styloid process syndrome or Eagle’s syndrome. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2000;28:123
  20. Kaufman SM, Elzay RP, Irish EF. Styloid process variation. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;91:460
  21. Langlais RP, Miles DA, Van Dis ML. Elongated and mineralized stylohyoid ligament complex: A proposed classification and report of a case of Eagle’s syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986;61:527
  22. Silva HJ, Moraes SRA, Tashiro T. Análisis morfométrico de los elementos de la cadena estilohioídea. Rev Chil Anat. 2002;20:205
  23. Tiago RSL, Marques Filho MF, Maia CAS, et al. Sindrome de Eagle: Avaliação do tratamento cirúrgico. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol. 2002;68:196
  24. Zohar Y, Strauss M, Laurian N. Elongated styloid process syndrome masquerading as pain of dental origin. J Maxillofac Surg. 1986;14:294
  25. Eagle WW. Elongated styloid processes: further observations and a new syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol. 1948;47:630
  26. Eagle WW. Symptomatic elongated styloid process: Report of two cases of styloid process-carotid artery syndrome with operation. Arch Otolaryngol. 1949;49:490
  27. MacDonald-Jankolwski DS. Calcification of the stylohyoid complex in Londoners and Hong-Kong Chinese. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2001;30:35
  28. Nakamaru Y, Fakuda S, Miyashita S, et al. Diagnosis of the elongated styloid process by three-dimensional computed tomography. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2002;29:55
  29. O’Carrol MK. Calcification in the styloid ligament. Oral Surg. 1984;58:617
  30. Grossmann E, Paiano GA. Eagle’s syndrome: A case report. Cranio. 1998;16:126
  31. Fritz M. Elongated styloid process: A cause of obscure throat symptoms. Arch Otolaryngol. 1940;31:911
  32. Loeser LH, Cardwell OP. Elongated styloid process—A cause for glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Arch Otolaryngol. 1942;36:198
  33. Balasubramanian S. The ossification of the stylohyoid ligament and its relation to facial pain. Br Dent J. 1964;116:108
  34. Montalbetti L, Ferrandi D, Pergami P, et al. Elongated styloid process and Eagle’s syndrome. Cephalalgia. 1995;15:80
  35. Stafne EC, Hollinshead WH. Roentgenographic observations on the styloid chain. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1962;15:1195
  36. Lindeman P. The elongated styloid process as a cause of throat discomfort (Four case reports). J Laryngol Otol. 1985;99:505
  37. Amancio EJ, Peluso CM, Grela ACS, et al. Nevralgia do glossofaríngeo secundária a alongamento do processo estilóide—Síndrome de Eagle (Relato de caso e revisão de literatura). Rev Simbidor. 2002;51:51

PII: S0278-2391(07)00229-7

doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.07.020

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 65, Issue 7 , Pages 1346-1353 , July 2007

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