Vascular Malformations

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Much has been learned about congenital vascular malformations in the craniofacial region over the last few decades, but they remain challenging to diagnose and treat effectively. While these are benign entities, they occasionally are life threatening due to exsanguinations. After resection, they can also be incredibly deforming and may present unique reconstructive challenges. The advents of improved imaging modalities and interventional radiology techniques have transformed our abilities to diagnose these patients and provide effective and safe therapy. Diagnosis and management of vascular lesions will be discussed from fetus through adulthood with an emphasis on the latest outcome data and published experience.

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References 

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2. Kademani D, Costello B, Ditty D, and Quinn P: An alternative approach to maxillofacial arteriovenous malformations with transosseous direct puncture embolization.
3. Perrott DH, Schmidt B, Dowd CF, Kaban LB. Treatment of a high-flow arteriovenous malformation by direct puncture and coil embolization. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994;52:1083–1086