Prophylactic Antiemetics in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery—A Requiem?
Purpose
To determine the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures and to evaluate the rationale behind prophylactic antiemetic medications.
Materials and Methods
A total of 167 patients, irrespective of age and gender, undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures under general anesthesia/dissociative anesthesia, were included. Risk factors associated with PONV such as gender, type of anesthetic agent used, nature of surgical procedure, surgical approach used, and duration of surgery and postoperative use of opioids were assessed. A “watch and wait” policy was adopted in all cases of recorded PONV with gastric lavage (GL) to be performed in patients with more than 2 episodes of PONV in the 6-hour postoperative period. The efficacy of such an intervention was also assessed. Antiemetic medications were given in only those cases which did not respond favorably to GL. A χ2 test was performed using SPSS software (Chicago, IL) to determine statistical significance.
Results
Of the 167 patients included, 19 patients experienced episodes of PONV. GL was performed in 3 patients, and all showed cessation of emesis after this intervention. No antiemetic medications were administered. A significant association was observed between PONV and female gender, duration of surgery, type of anesthetic agent used, and specific surgical procedures such as oncologic and temporomandibular joint surgeries. The role of surgical approach and the use of opioids in the postoperative period on the incidence of PONV were found to be insignificant.
Conclusions
Information regarding the incidence of PONV after oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures remains scanty. We conclude that there does not appear to be a rationale for the prophylactic administration of antiemetic drugs in such surgical procedures. A watch-and-wait policy and simple GL may provide significant relief. Antiemetic medications are to be considered only in case of non-responders and intractable PONV.
⁎Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, D.J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, UP, India
†Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Indira, Nagar, India
‡Former Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Indira, Nagar, India
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Alexander: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, D.J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Niwari Road, Modinagar–201204, UP, India
ABSTRACT